Cuando pensamos en nuestros 5 sentidos, comúnmente sucede que le asignamos mayor importancia a la vista. Y eso no es coincidencia, según un estudio del Instituto Max Planck que involucró a 13 culturas e idiomas, el sentido de la vista es el más importante en nuestra vida cotidiana. Siendo esto así, imagina que pierdes este sentido; es decir, que por alguna enfermedad, tu sistema ocular deja de funcionar adecuadamente y pierdes la capacidad para ver. Pues bueno, esta es la situación que viven alrededor de 10 millones de personas en el mundo debido a que padecen de ceguera corneal.
Para solucionar este déficit, se han desarrollado prótesis artificiales de córnea (queratoprótesis). Sin embargo, dada la naturaleza de los materiales utilizados, las queratoprótesis son altamente rechazadas por los pacientes. En consecuencia, necesitamos de alternativas mucho más orgánicas, libres de polímero artificiales y que se integren de manera eficiente y segura en el sistema ocular de los pacientes. Es aquí donde se comienza a pensar: “¿y si fabricamos córneas humanas en laboratorio?”. La idea suena loca, como salida de una película de ciencia ficción, pero es totalmente posible. ¿Cómo se fabrica una córnea? La tarea no es sencilla, pero los procedimientos han llegado de la mano de una disciplina llamada Ingeniería de Tejidos.
Gracias a estos avances, en Bifrost Biotechnologies -la Startup que orgullosamente dirijo- estamos trabajando en el diseño de un material vivo que nos permita fabricar córneas mediante Bioimpresión 3D. ¿Por qué le llamo material vivo? Este material se trata de un hidrogel que incorpora las biomoléculas más importantes, pero, además, incorpora las células más importantes de la córnea, los queratocitos. Estas células son las responsables de mantener sana a nuestra córnea. Añadiendo otros componentes a este hidrogel, trabajamos en una alternativa que, además de la curvatura y las células de la córnea, también tenga la trasparencia y la elasticidad que la córnea necesita para cumplir con sus funciones.
BIFROST BIOTECHNOLOGIESWhen we ponder on our five human senses, it often happens that we consider sight to be the most important one. And that's no coincidence, according to a study performed by Max Planck Institute involving 13 cultures and languages, the sight is the most critical sense in our daily lives. In this context, just imagine that you lose your eyesight, namely due to some disease your ocular system is not working as it should be, in consequence, you are not able to see. Well, ten million people around the world is living this situation as they suffer from corneal blindness. The cornea is the main optical element of the eye, it controls the entry of light into the eye while protecting it from the outside stimuli. Nevertheless, owing to this, the cornea is usually affected by different ailments that, in the worst cases, lead to corneal blindness. At present, the only available treatment for corneal blindness is corneal transplantation. Corneal transplantation is the most frequently performed type of transplant across the world, around 300,000 surgeries are carried out every year. However, as mentioned earlier, 10 million people need it. This shortage of cornea donors has been classified as an international public health crisis.
Tissue Engineering consists of the combination of biomaterials (called scaffolds), cells and biomolecules to give rise to human organs and tissues. The scaffolds must have the geometry and physical properties of the organ or tissue to be manufactured; in the case of the cornea, curvature, transparency, and elasticity are essential. On the other hand, cells can be isolated from the patient's corneas; then the cells are cultured to later be incorporated into the scaffold. Finally, feeding this tissue construct with pre-selected biomolecules, a completely personalized cornea tailored to the patient is obtained. Sounds interesting, doesn't it? Well, now imagine that we can use 3D printing to control scaffold shape, achieving the cornea curvature and distributing cells in an ideal way due to the layer-by-layer manufacturing. Am I telling you that we can use 3D printing to fabricate tissues and organs? Yes, I am. In fact, manufacturing organs and tissues through 3D printing is called 3D Bioprinting.
Although we still have a long way to go, the passion for our project as well as the impact it may have on the lives of millions of people around the world motivate us in our daily work. Thus, in less than two years, we expect to have the first 3D bioprinted corneas ready to be tested in animal models.
Undoubtedly, despite seeming incompatible, various techniques can be put together and give rise to incredible technologies. In this case, 3D printing and cell culture will allow us to manufacture tissues and organs using 3D Bioprinting and thus, in the future, eradicate waiting lists for organ transplantation.
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October 2024
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